¹¹In Ruth Canning’s review of Ireland’s English Pale, 1470–1550: the making of a Tudor region, she references a 1967 article by James Lydon entitled “The problem of the frontier in medieval Ireland.”

“He noted that 1446/7 was the earliest known mention of ‘the Pale’ as an identifiable term for what were known as ‘the four obedient shires’. The region was defined by a military frontier separating the English of Ireland from the indigenous Irish beyond.”